Bertoly Brechts Mother Courage Drama Essay Example For Students

Bertoly Brechts Mother Courage Drama Essay Bertolt Brecht s position on the guide of theater was that it ought to stimulate its crowd to change. The courageous sonnet theater, Karl Marx and German supervisors Max Reinhardt and Erwin Piscator were all motivation for Brecht s hypothesis on the cultural guide of theater. ( ? ? ? 2004: 709 )Brecht s articles Theater for Pleasure or Theater for Instruction and The Modern Theater is the Epic Theater obviously sketch his anxiety of what courageous sonnet theater is and how it ought to be utilized in design. In the two papers, Brecht clarifies what makes the courageous auditorium not quite the same as present day and emotional theater and examines the strategies accessible with chivalrous sonnet theater and the impacts they can hang on the crowd. When looking at his dramatization Mother Courage and Her Children to the two articles, unmistakably Brecht has utilized the papers about as rules to make the show and set his speculations on courageous sonnet theater into design. Mother Courage and Her Children is a profoundly run of the mill Brechtian dramatization as it contains all the components that Brecht needed to remember for his shows so as to show his new signifier of theater which he accepted had a more noteworthy cultural guide. One of the most clear representations of Brecht s papers being placed into design in Mother Courage and Her Children is Brecht s utilization of account on the other hand of the mystery plan. Every scene starts with a story portrayal of what will go on in that scene, and the dramatization itself begins with a preface which presents the cardinal character ( Mother Courage ) and uncovers what the show is roughly. Notwithstanding the way that there is a plot line going through the show, the story way connects to Brecht s motivation behind non allowing the crowd the chance to go genuinely joined to the characters. The way where the show hops with every scene keeps the storyline general and attached more to the more prominent cultural occasions running all through the dramatization rather than singular, single occasions in an impossible to miss scene. Having consumed quite a bit of his time on earth in Germany and sing two universe wars, it should not shock anyone that a large number of Brecht s dramatizations, including Mother Courage and Her Children, trademark war as the overruling subject of the show. Brecht accepted that war was a continuation of worry by different organizations. Brecht s hypothesis on theater implied that he did non want his crowd to genuinely identify with the characters on stage. Actually, Brecht deliberately made characters which would be fit to negative judgment from the crowd. So as to request this dynamic rather than idle reaction from the crowd, to excite a response, Brecht ingrains attributes in his characters which will in general do the crowd non place with them, however thump them. Mother Courage is depicted as a solid, clever, considerable grown-up female whose elite expectation is to gracefully a life for both herself and her children. She is a conciliatory character and her adoration for her children attracts a crowd of people to like her. What keeps the crowd from feeling for her will be her profoundly conflicting nature. While drawing out a blade at the Sergeant and Recruiting Officer to secure her children, Courage calls alludes to herself and her children as serene sorts . The Sergeant s cool answer of your blade shows the caring you are farther shows Courage s inconsistencies. ( Brecht 2004: 715 ) When guiding her young lady Kattrin into town with the Clerk, Courage advises her non to stress and that nothing will go on , except for upon Kattrin s return where she is injured, Courage claims she should neer hold Lashkar-e-Taiba her movement. When dissuading the Cook over a potential move to Utrecht, Courage attempts to stop the discussion with that s satisfactory , only to go on it herself minutes consequently. In a similar scene, Courage supports Kattrin for the two to make a trip with the Cook to run his cantina in Utrecht since life on the course is no sort of life , yet after she sees Kattrin looking to flee she quickly turns on the Cook and requests what she and Kattrin would ever make in a cantina. Of class the best inconsistency of all through the dramatization is Courage s invariable negative judgment of the war off of which she makes her populating. It is this opposing nature of Courage s which perpetually reminds the crowd to see the character from a separation, investigate her so to talk, and non identify with her situation. Had Mother Courage been introduced as a completely adjusted character, the crowd would hold been enticed to identify ; however her introduction as a self-conflicting character assists with shocking the crowd into a type of response. ( Leach 1994: 136 )Mother Courage is non the solitary character in the show that is given a particular attribute to keep up the crowd understanding going genuinely engaged with her. Her boies Eilif and Swiss Cheese are both murdered in the dramatization, and it is a direct result of their deformities that they are slaughtered. Her oldest kid, Eilif, is solid and keen, yet his challenging costs him his life. Her more youthful kid, Swiss Cheese, is basic and legit, yet he too much is directed to his expire due to his idiocy. Antiquated Egyptian Religion as Seen in Art and Architecture Essay The jumps in cut between every scene of Mother Courage and Her Children are run of the mill of Brecht s reason to gain the crowd to take a gander at the occasions that have taken topographic point from a more broad time of clasp rather than a particular point.One of the cardinal pieces of Brecht s hypothesis on theater was that the crowd ought to perpetually cognize that what they are viewing is non world yet a structure being introduced on stage. By making along these lines, Brecht could demo to his crowd that what they were viewing was non world yet an introduced picture of world, and that could quicken modification. To this terminal Brecht utilized a few strategies in a significant number of his dramatizations ( including Mother Courage and Her Children ) which permitted him to reveal that the show was so a structure. An ordinary Brechtian procedure utilized in the dramatization is the utilization of stage waies toward the beginning of every scene, which so reveal what is making a trip to go on in that scene. By using these stage waies ( either spoken out loud or showed with banners on stage ) Brecht can both remind his crowd that what they are viewing is a structure. Plus, by expressing the crowd what will go on before it occurs, Brecht can stifle the surprise factor, hence keeping up the crowd off from holding an encounter and concentrated on larning from the activity on stage. Straightforwardly revealing that the dramatization is non existent permits Brecht to prevent any feeling of enthusiastic affectionate respect to the piece. This can be connected to Brecht s exposition The Modern Theater is The Epic Theater where he says: †¦once similarity is relinquished to free treatment, and one time the observer, on the other hand of being empowered to hold an encounter, is constrained in a manner of speaking to extend his voting form ; so an adjustment has been propelled which goes a long ways past conventional issues and Begins for the main clasp to affect the theater s cultural guide. Brecht regions in his exposition The Modern Theater is Epic Theater that words, music and scene must go increasingly autonomous of each other. ( notice ) This announcement is resounded in Mother Courage and Her Children as Brecht utilizes non simply duologue and stage waies yet vocals and music in the dramatization, and verifies that the vocals utilized are seen on an equivalent degree to different components, for example, words. Actually, Scene Ten of the dramatization is built completely of only a couple of stage waies and voc al. By giving the vocals such significance in the dramatization, on a similar degree as stage waies and duologue, Brecht actualizes his idea into design, demoing that he has utilized his two papers about as rules for forming Mother Courage and Her Children. Tunes are other than utilized in the dramatization to suit in with Brecht s hypothesis that plays ought to non be introduced to the crowd as world, yet as a structure. The immediate bringing of a vocal from a character to the crowd, accordingly interfering with the fourth divider, is one of the manners by which the crowd is reminded that they are so viewing a show. The vocals other than will in general mirror the cultural and political subjects of the show and enliven the crowd to accept about what they are viewing. Taking a gander at Theater for Pleasure or Theater for Instruction and The Modern Theater is the Epic Theater in contrasting and Mother Courage and Her Children, it is obvious to see that the dramatization falls into the entirety of the classs that Brecht records in his two articles for his hypothesis on the guide of theater. All through the dramatization the point of convergence is taken off from the characters single feelings and attracted to the more noteworthy cultural and political powers which influence the characters. The show is utilized as a treatment gathering of sorts for a portion of the regular Brechtian subjects, for example, war, confidence and family unit. The utilization of non-naturalist strategies, for example, banners and vocals assists with intruding on the similarity that the crowd makes and keeps them from creating sympathy for and passionate affectionate respect to the characters. The jumps in cut between every scene of the show keep up the crowd s point of convergence on the technique over clasp and non at a fixed point. Mother Courage and Her Children is without request of Brecht s most normal dramatizations and it is obvious to see his articles Theater for Pleasure or Theater for Instruction and The Modern Theater is the Epic Theater have been placed into example to make the show and quicken the crowd to change, rather than experience.

Behavioural Perspectives of Mental Health

Question 1: Describe what is implied by a â€Å"behavioural perspective† of psychological well-being and sickness. Use models from the writing to show how clinical and behaviourally-based methodologies contrast. Conduct points of view concerning emotional well-being and disease incorporate bio clinical and mental methodologies. Bio clinical methodologies join pharmacological medications, heritability, measure †based conclusion, and the capacity to analyze structures and elements of the mind. Mental methodologies involve psychoanalytical, intellectual, non mandate psychotherapy, and conduct analysis.When making a social point of view concerning a client’s emotional wellness and disease it is critical to â€Å"distinguish how issues are conceptualized, what is essential to focus for change, the procedure of conduct and how to change the behaviour† (M. Burkhardt, individual correspondence, 2010). To recognize how a conduct is caused doctors need to look at the conduct and consider the customers ecological antecendents and results concerning their conduct (M. Burkhardt, individual correspondence, 2010).Behavioural viewpoints concerning psychological wellness and disease have changed after some time and persistently shift with respect to people’s considerations, purpose of perspectives, speculations and studies. There are numerous mental and organic speculations and studies that can affect on the treatment choice, clashing among mental and pharmacological medicines (M. Burkhardt, individual correspondence, 2010). The decision of treatment can rely incredibly upon the customer and doctors perspectives and convictions. Clinical methodologies are a significant and mainstream mediation for some individuals who have been determined to have an emotional wellness issue. There are numerous examinations and research encompassing emotional well-being and disease with respect to the clinical methodology of treatment, proof on the side of the clinical methodology and natural causation by and large falls into two classifications, family studies and cerebrum structure/work contemplates (Wyatt, 2009). Using utilitarian imaging examines analysts have discovered that there are contrasts in the exercises of the minds with a scope of mental diseases (Leach, 2009).Frith and Johnstone (2003) as refered to in Leach (2009) recommend that â€Å"People determined to have schizophrenia have perceptible contrasts in specific parts of their cerebrum structures contrasted with others without that diagnosis†. Hereditary elements have been connected to making a commitment to dysfunctional behaviors, â€Å"both desponde ncy and schizophrenia have been connected to contrasts in mind science, and looks into have proposed hereditary examples of legacy for these conditions† (Leach, 2009).Studies have discovered that there are â€Å"biological contrasts to the individuals who are and are not inclined to misery, affirmed by the way that medicates that have no impact on temperament in ordinary individuals diminish gloom in the individuals who are sick, and the perception that a discouraged state of mind can be encouraged in individuals who are inclined to burdensome sicknesses essentially by controlling the tryptophan content in their diet† (Delgado et al, 1990 as refered to in Kendell, 2009). Numerous customers who look for help for dysfunctional behaviors want meds because of the way that they are persuaded that their ailment are caused biochemically or hereditarily (Wyatt, 2009). Psychological instabilities can be disclosed as a rule to be cause from a ‘chemical imbalance’ inside the body, the clinical way to deal with treat these compound irregular characteristics is using pharmacological and psychotropic drugs to improve their condition by re-adjusting synthetics inside their body. Behaviourally based methodologies including emotional wellness and disease, comprise of non-clinical methodologies contemplating client’s practices and musings, why they exist and what they can cause, likewise examining and making elective measures to beat these considerations and behaviours.Behavioural examination centers around practices a customer presents with and the relationship these practices have with the earth, by investigating these connections, logical standards of social examination can add to helping individuals change the manner in which they think, feel and act. Client’s practices are a reaction to specific conditions and using conduct t reatment these reactions can be altered, changing unsafe and unhelpful practices that the customer may have.Behavioural treatment approaches investigates the client’s current circumstance, taking into account where their upsetting considerations, emotions and practices originate from, what strengthens them and how they can be changes (Leach, 2009). While analyzing a psychological instability using the conduct diagnostic methodology the initial step is to have a knowledge of what the customer say’s and does to themselves as well as other people, if the customer has serious misery and is taking an interest in self wounds practices then it is imperative to discover what these practices are.To perceive and tackle these practices there should be a comprehension of the client’s state of being, setting and condition and the occasions happening earlier and going with these practices, for example, when the customer is in a burdensome state having emotions that they †˜don’t need to live’ or ‘feel like this anymore’, that is the point at which they play out these practices, for example, slitting their wrists, this should be built up by the doctor before mediations can be structured. To accomplish constructive outcomes by diminishing and decreasing these practices their should be consistency with the mediations and logical methods.Another non-clinical methodology organized around conduct is subjective social treatment, â€Å"the fundamental reason of this methodology it that an individual’s evaluation of individual life occasions to a great extent decides how she or he feels and behaves† (Leach, 2009). The key reason for social methodologies is to help client’s comprehend their practices, convictions and contemplations and how they can utilized intercessions and logical techniques to conquer these issues. It is clear that the clinical and social angles concerning emotional well-being and sickness contrast significantly in the two separate approaches.Medical based methodologies are based on heritability, hereditary components, analyzing client’s mind structures and works, and balancing out ‘chemical imbalances’ using pharma cological and psychotropic prescriptions. Conversely the conduct approach investigates the client’s musings, convictions and practices, the connection among practices and condition are thought of, and once the reason and impacts of the practices are built up intercessions and logical techniques are established to diminish and decrease these practices.

Alternative Travel

Alternative Travel Hey guys, So for many students living in the suburbs or the city like myself, the typical routes home consist of either a car ride or a bus ride back. However, I have found that in the last three years, taking the Amtrak train home is not only a more comfortable ride, but often times a fair priced one too. You dont even have to use it for just traveling back home, either. For instance, my girlfriend and I are taking the Amtrak into the city as I write. We bought the tickets a few days in advance and got a deal on them, and the trip is no longer than a bus or car ride. My friends and I take trips to the city like this every so often during the weekends. Its a nice break from classes that doesnt involve the often complicated exchange for gas money or trying to find seats on a bus together. And the most convient part of it all is that the train station is located right on the edge of downtown Champaign, at the Illinois Terminal. At the terminal there are a lot of buses students can take thatll take you all over the Champaign-Urbana area, including campus, which means when students come back from home, they wont have to drag their luggage all over town to get back. I hope you guys can benefit from this so you too can go visit your families on the holidays or just hang out with your friends in Chicago. Until next time, Kenny Kenny Class of 2016 I’m in the Creative Writing program in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. I’m originally from Tampa, Florida, but I’ve been calling Illinois my home since 1998. I’ve lived all over the Northwest suburbs, from Palatine to Lakemoor to where I currently live back home, Mundelein.

A Glossary of College Greek Letters

Greek-lettered organizations in North America date back to 1776, when students at William and Mary College founded a secret society called Phi Beta Kappa. Since then, dozens of groups have followed suit by drawing their names from the Greek alphabet, sometimes choosing letters that represented their mottoes (also in Greek). The fraternal organizations of the eighteenth century started out as secret literary societies, but today, people most commonly associate Greek-letter groups with the social fraternities and sororities on college campuses. Many collegiate honors societies and educational groups chose Greek letters for their names, as well. The letters below are shown in their capitalized forms and are listed in alphabetical order, according to the modern Greek alphabet. Modern Greek Alphabet Greek Letter Name Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon Zeta Eta Theta Iota Kappa Lambda Mu Nu Xi Omicron Pi Rho Sigma Tau Upsilon Phi Chi Psi Omega Thinking of joining a fraternity or sorority? Learn how to decide if its right for you.

Sociology

What Everybody Dislikes About Clo Essay Samples and Why

What Everybody Dislikes About Clo Essay Samples and Why Now, let's look at unique varieties of formal essays. Bridget's essay is extremely strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. Stephen's essay is rather effective. The previous essay type we'll speak about is the argument essay. Getting the Best Clo Essay Samples However, it's only the technical element of the designated activity For you to be in a position to compose a document, you want to get guided by both creativity and writing principles. I don't have any doubt I possess the skills knowledge and personality you're searching for in a Community Liaison. This example proves that even for an engineer with years of experience in the specialty, the basics of private essay writing remain the exact same. Replace a number of the cliched language. Other folks feel technology has improved the standard of life. The subject of information technology grows more important daily. The very best management team should possess an assortment of strength, wisdom and capabilities (Vallabhane 5-9). Top Clo Essay Samples Secrets Trade is an immediate exchange of products and services and it uses a principal medium of exchange called money. The medical industry can be quite competitive. A trade that occurs between two traders is called bilateral trade, while between a couple of traders is called multilateral trade. Choosing Good Clo Essay Samples Perhaps while looking for examples you noticed poor samples all around the internet. We, on the flip side, want to provide you with solid examples to help you compose a resume you can take pride in. Nevertheless, the chief reason is my love for mathematics. We are dedicated to offering the best resume examples it is possible to find. Clo Essay Samples: the Ultimate Convenience! You're g oing to be exposed to plenty of thinking which is quite important once you write. Now things started to get really intriguing. You may say there is no such thing as a totally free lunch. The great news is, I can provide help. Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Clo Essay Samples Is Wrong In addition, you need plenty of creativity to address complex difficulties. This attitude can help you in better decision-making. Secondly, your thoughts ought to be well-organized and supported with the assistance of persuasive evidence. Clearly, understanding how to clean burning oil isn't high on the list of things every 9-year-old should know. Imagine that you're a school principal faced with the job of making policy for your school. For a CEO to run a company, they should have attained the correct and the appropriate education related to the position in question. However, this doesn't isolate students by forcing them to work with only those people who follow their precise dis cipline. May it be students who must pass academic requirements or employees that are tasked to submit a written report, there'll always be a reason people will write within the reach of their functions and obligations. For each half reaction, identify what's being reduced and what's being oxidized. The huge pothole on Elm Street that my mother was able to hit each day on the best way to school would be filled-in. If you'll create any sort of written examples, you should assure people are well aware on where to use them, how to use them, and why it's vital for them to refer to the example you've made. Explain the vehicle connection better. Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for Clo Essay Samples Writing documents is already part of the lives of individuals. Research on the items of discussion which you will present so your report will be contingent on facts. Sadly, the Medical College doesn't have enough resources for the growth of my projects. Technology is very much part of contemporary life. Things You Should Know About Clo Essay Samples Possessing a strong resume will permit you find quite a few great jobs. Be precise with the things you will place in the document especially in the event the report is going to be used for business transactions. There are a great deal of jobs out there within this exciting field. Transportation jobs involve a lot of responsibility and your resume will want to reflect you can take care of that. Where to Find Clo Essay Samples It's all up to you on how you'll use them appropriately especially in regard to the functions which you would like them to serve. I will endure, and I'll achieve. Our resume examples can make certain you're prepared in the event you receive a referral. We're keen to make sure that all our papers are correctly formatted according to the customer's instructions. The truth is my college does not have any facility like that, but I want to study physics in more detail. Click the one which yo u like to see the most. The author starts with a rather in depth story of an event or description of an individual or place. While in the Army, I had the wonderful honor to serve with various women and men who, like me, fought to earn a difference on the planet.

Tea House Business Plan free essay sample

Teapot will offer a hip, relaxing, and healthy alternative to the oversaturated coffeehouse concept. Teapot will create an irresistible place to drop in and relax, meet with friends, or get work done in a warm and comfortable atmosphere with consistently top-notch customer service. Our products and services will include a wide variety of high quality black, green, white teas, herbal infusions, and several teas specially blended for Teapot. The tea menu will highlight beverages that provide particular benefits, such as immune-boosting antioxidants, meditative blends, enlightening mental focus blends, and mind and body healing blends. Whether a customer is looking to get work done, unwind and relax, or is seeking a refreshing pick-me-up when their energy lags , Teapot will offer just the right concoction. Our teatenders will be thoroughly trained in perfectly brewing delicious cups of tea to order, but will be highly trained in teaology, which will allow them to help recommend just the right blend to customers. Beverage sweeteners will include honey and other natural sweeteners, in addition to the traditional sugar and artificial sweeteners. The menu will also feature a variety of quick-service healthy meals and snacks, traditional tea pastries and finger sandwiches. All beverages and menu items will available for eat-in or to go. The shop will also offer a selection of signature tea blends, herbal tinctures, teapots for sale. Using these products and services as a starting point, the store will continue to modify its menu and services as driven by the demands of our clients. The store can be operated with a minimum of staff, requiring only 3-4 personnel during the busiest of times, and one or two at others. As it is highly computerized, inventory tracking and the creation of a customer database will be simple and effective. Our business concept differs significantly from cafes due to its emphasis on serving healthy fare and providing an atmosphere that is to linger even after a meal, whether for socializing, working, or simply relaxing. Like other cafes, Teapot invites people to linger and provides free Wi-Fi so people can bring their laptop computers and work. Unlike the coffeehouse chains, however, Teapot offers a more substantial menu and a much broader selection of teas with a healthy beverage focus that coffee simply cannot compete with. Business Definition Teapot will be a tea bar offering a variety of healthful, high-quality teas and quick-service healthy cuisines in a hip, casual atmosphere. We will offer approximately 20 different teas at a time, each with various mental or health benefits accompanied by a variety of quick yet healthful meals and snacks. In addition to the food and beverage menu items, our product mix will include tea-related items, such as loose leaf teas, tea-infused chocolates, teapots and other tea-related accessories. Our goals by the end of the year are to be profitable and to be a well-established tea bar and cafe in the community. The tea bar will be open seven days a week, we will offer the following unique services for tea lovers not offered by any of our competitors: * Tea tastings and tea classes held at the cafe to draw in potential customers and teach them about the pleasures and health benefits of tea. Healthy cooking demonstrations with recipes using Teapot teas will be held once a month with free recipes and a discount on the featured teas. * Comfy chairs and couches: Although many cafes and diners frown upon customers lingering after theyve finished their beverage or meal, we encourage it because we believe it creates customer loyalty. Several chairs and couches will be arranged throughout the store for group meetings as well as individuals * Quality : Only the finest quality fresh teas and healthy restaurant-quality cuisine will be served Approximately two-thirds of floor space will be dedicated to the cafe, including the serving area and customer lounge. The retail items will be arranged near the entrance and order counter so that customers waiting in line or waiting to be rung up will be more likely to make purchases or will see them as they are leaving and decide to bring a bit of the Teapot experience home with them. The checkout area will include a cash desk, POS system, computer/cash register system, and merchandise displays. A private area at the rear of the store will include a small storage space, staff washroom, and owners office. Description of the Industry Tea-drinking is a long-standing Turkish tradition and the country is not only a large tea consumer but also a leading tea producer. With a population of over 70 million and a relatively less advanced economy, Turkey is the fastest growing consumer market in Europe. The rapid economic expansion and an increasingly affluent population enable the Turks to purchase higher-valued consumer goods and raise the standard of living. As is the case in other Western European markets, the health and wellness trend is also influencing consumersers choice of beverages in Turkey. Fruit/herbal tea has been the most dynamic category, with retail volume sales growing by 38% between 1997 and 2004. The major consumers for fruit/herbal tea are the young and urban people. I believe there is a need for a healthy, comfortable, classy and casual tea houses as we are a tea country. Strenghts| Weaknesses| * Emphasis on health * Lower costs amp; prices than coffee * High quality products * Personalized service and guidance on custome selections * Upscale image| * Requires a lot of capital to be a well-established and distinctive cafe * Lack of marketing and advertising at the beginning| Opportunities| Threats| Almost no direct competitors as in other tea houses, only coffeehouses * Can offer new products, new types of teas from all over world| * Strong competitors (coffeehouses like starbucks etc.. ) who have superior access to distribution channels * People can perceive our cafe as one of the ordinary cafes that you can find on every corner | Projected P/L Statement | Ye ar 1| Year 2| Year 3| Year 4| Year 5| Sales| 679. 858| 728. 920| 798. 714| 863. 347| 933. 209| Total Cost of Sales| 276. 885| 293. 498| 322. 848| 355. 133| 390. 46| Gross Margin| 402. 973| 435. 422| 475. 866| 508. 214| 542. 563| Expenses| Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Payroll| 144. 000| 158. 400| 174. 240| 191. 664| 210. 830| Marketing/Promotion| 18. 900| 21. 000| 21. 000| 21. 000| 21. 000| Depreciation| 4. 830| 4. 830| 4. 830| 4. 830| 4. 830| Rent| 72. 000| 79. 200| 87. 120| 95. 832| 105. 415| Utilities| 22. 428| 22. 960| 24. 080| 25. 255| 26. 487| Insurance| 17. 500| 17. 500| 17. 500| 17. 500| 17. 500| Total Operating Expenses| 279. 658| 303. 890| 328. 770| 356. 081| 386. 062| Profit Before Interest and Taxes| 123. 15| 131. 532| 147. 096| 152. 133| 156. 501| Interest Expense| 4. 393| 3. 649| 2. 793| 1. 809| 676| Taxes Incurred| 24. 663| 26. 306| 29. 419| 30. 427| 31. 300| Net Profit| 94. 259| 101. 577| 114. 884| 119. 898| 124. 525| Net Profit/Sales| 13,86%| 13,94%| 14,38%| 13,89%| 13,34%| Cash Flow Statement | Year 1| Year 2| Year 3| Year 4| Year 5| Cash Received| 679. 858| 738. 920| 798. 714| 863. 347| 933. 209| Expenditures| | | | | | Cash Spending| 222. 617| 238. 955| 260. 647| 284. 485| 310. 683| Bill Payments| 333. 926| 358. 433| 390. 71| 426. 728| 466. 025| Long-term Liabilities Principal Repayment| 11. 197| 11. 197| 11. 197| 11. 197| 11. 197| Subtotal Cash Spent| 567. 740| 608. 585| 662. 815| 722. 410| 787. 905| Net Cash Flow| 112. 118| 130. 335| 135. 899| 140. 937| 145. 305| Return on investment calculation (Net profit/Investment) = 1,17 Payback Period = 10 months Risks As with any business venture, there are risks associated with opening this food and beverage service establishment. One possibility is that a tea room or other tea bar will open in the area. In this kind of event, we will have the advantage of being the first such business in the area, and thus, will have the first opportunity to establish ourselves in the community and build a solid reputation and loyal customer base. There is always the possibility that our target sales will not be achieved for the year. We will closely monitor revenues on a daily, weekly, and monthly basis to ensure that our sales targets are being reached, and if they are not, we will make every effort to discover why not and correct any issues we discover. Start-up capital will carry the stores expenses through the first three months of operations. It is possible the trend on health and wellness may vanish, and customers may want mostly black tea only, which will hurt our image on being distinctive, though it seems unlikely in near future. [ 1 ]. With 40. 000 TL start-up capital and also with another 40. 000 TL loan with 0. 98 interest with to be paid in 5 years.

William Faulkner Essays (2836 words) - Literature,

William Faulkner William Faulkner is viewed by many as America's greatest writer of prose fiction. He was born in New Albany, Mississippi, where he lived a life filled with good times as well as bad. However, despite bad times he would become known as a poet, a short story writer, and finally one of the greatest contemporary novelists of his time. William Faulkner's accomplishments resulted not only from his love and devotion to writing, but also from family, friends, and certain uncontrollable events. William Faulkner's life is an astonishing accomplishment; however, it is crucial to explore his life prior to his fixated writing career (Mack 1794-1798). In 1905, Faulkner entered the first grade at the tender age of eight, and immediately showed signs of talent. He not only drew an explicitly detailed drawing of a locomotive, but he soon became an honor-roll student. Throughout his early education, he would work conscientiously at reading, spelling, writing, and arithmetic. However, he especially enj oyed drawing. When Faulkner got promoted to the third grade, skipping the second grade, he was asked by his teacher what he wanted to be when he grew up. He replied, I want to be a writer just like my great granddaddy(Minter 18). Faulkner took interest in poetry around 1910, but no one in Oxford, Mississippi, could tell him hat to do with his poems. Faulkner, who was very talkative, would always entertain Estelle Oldham by telling her vividly imaginary stories. Eventually, Faulkner grew very fond of Estelle. She became the sole inspirer and recipient of Faulkner's earlier poems. Not long after Faulkner began seeing Estelle regularly, he met a man named Phil Stone who was dating one of Estelle's friends, Katrina. Katrina had told Stone about Faulkner and his poetry. So one afternoon, Stone went to Faulkner's house to get to know him better, and during his visit he received several written verses from Faulkner's poetry. Stone not only became a very close friend of Faulkner's, but also a mentor to the young writer at the beginning of his career. Stone immediately gave the potential poet encouragement, advice, and models for his study of literature (Minter 29). As Faulkner grew older he began to lose interest in his schoolwork and turned his attention to athletics, such as football and baseball, which caused his grades to start to fall. Eventually, he quit both athletics and school altogether. In 1919, his first literary work was acknowledged and published. The poem is a forty-line verse with a French title that acknowledges the influence of the French Symbolists. From Mallarme he took the title of his first published poem; from Verlaine's 'Le Faune' he took the central device of The Marble Faun(Minter 36). The Marble Faun brings Pastoral art and modern aestheticism into a conjunction that not only exposes the weaknesses of pastoral poetry, particularly its artificiality, but also establishes the pertinence of those weaknesses to our understanding of modern aesthe ticism(Minter 36). Faulkner enrolled at the University of Mississippi, and did not let his academic years distract him from writing more poems. The Mississippian, the student paper, published Landing in Luck. The short story, nine pages in length were created directly from his direct experience in the Royal Air Force flight training in 1916. After awhile he began to get tired of school once again. He started cutting classes and finally stopped going. In the summer of 1921, Faulkner decided to take a trip to New York to receive some professional instruction from editors and critics, because Stone was busy with his academic studies. Faulkner stayed in New York and shared an incredibly small apartment with a man named Stark Young (Minter 35-40). During Faulkner's stay in New York, Stone became worried about him and his financial troubles. So Stone immediately went to work on behalf of his friend and became the Assistant District Attorney. Within a few months, his restlessness had taken him back to Oxford and the most improbable job he would ever hold(Minter 42). Stone pulled some strings and got Faulkner appointed to the job of postmaster at the university post office. Even as postmaster, Faulkner still found time to write. When Faulkner finished the typescript for Soldier's Pay, he it sent

english 115 Essay

english 115 Essay english 115 Essay English 115/76 "Wal-Mart is all about the money" "At Wal-Mart we have a 10 foot attitude." I will too if I steal my employees money. At the Wal-Mart stores they do not only have always low prices, they also have always low wages for their employees. They have a very well structured program to control and train their employees to make them believe that Wal-Mart is a great place to work. I t is crucial that the very first day that you start working at Wal-Mart they play they training-brainwashing videos. Some of these videos consist of telling you that you made a good choice and that you can make a difference by working at Wal-Mart. The most important institution in American society are school, work and family. Interestingly, Wal-Mart focuses on these fundamental institutions to brainwash their employees by using very philosophical phases. "You do not need to have a career to work at Wal-Mart, at Wal-Mart you can start your own career." This is one of the famous phases they use to brainwash people. They make their employees believe that the work they perform at Wal-Mart is enough to call it a career. They imply that you do not need to go to school to get a career; here at Wal-Mart we make you feel that you have a career. Like in most career you have to work hard to get through and eventually obtain a degree. At Wal-Mart you work very hard and never get through or earn any kind of degree or a better wages. It is true that you do not need a career to work at Wal-Mart because if you had one you would not be seeking for a job at Wal-Mart. It is not true that you can start your own career at Wal-Mart because if you want to have a real career, for that you will go to school. "You do not need anyone to speak for yourself, at Wal-Mart you can speak for yourself." This phase refers to a video on Unions. In this video we learn of how expensive and unnecessary it is to waste your money on having someone to represent you. It explains that if employees would have a Union if will make it u npleasant and difficult to work together. It also explains that the employee would not be able to communicate directly with their supervisors. Wal-Mart wants to make your job easy and pleasant for you, so, that is why they have an "open door" a free way of communication. The Union Organization will guarantee workers better wages and knows what are the workers' rights. It is as if we had a lawyer to represent us in legal matter. Wal-Mart does not want people to be represented by the Union because that means that they will have to pay more money for their employees and would be able to brainwash their employees. "At Wal-Mart we are a family, and like a family, we care." Wal-Mart wants their employees to feel that they have a family working environment to make them happily do everything they want .

Summary Of The Platos Allegory Of The Cave Personal Statement

Summary Of The Platos Allegory Of The Cave - Personal Statement Example The prisoners shall take the names of the objects whose shadows they see, but to see the real objects they are referring to the need to turn their heads around which is not possible for them. They are in fact names of those things which do not fall before our vision but we can comprehend them only with our minds. Plato says that if the prisoners are released, then they would be able to turn their heads to see the real objects and, therefore, realize their error and in the real sense, and only then the prisoners would be able to grasp the objects. The implication of these terms in our real life lies in the point similar to the turning of the prisoner’s head and comprehending the real objects through grasping it with our minds. Plato intends to describe through the Allegory of the Cave that it is essential for the human mind to attain the understanding of the objects at the reflective realm. But despite this fact, it is quite true that the ability of the human being to think and speak depends on the understanding of the forms. The prisoners might mistake any object with the name of some other object if they are really not aware of the name of that particular object that they have seen. And in a very similar fashion, human minds might obtain the knowledge of the concepts by our inherent and perceptual experience of our physical objects. But at the same time, human mind might mistake any object if it is thought that the concepts human mind is grasping are equal with the objects perceived.

By the Time I Get to Cucaracha Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

By the Time I Get to Cucaracha - Essay Example Immediately after this she says that her mom was a housekeeper when she first came to the United States of America. By doing this she makes a personal connection with the reader. She expresses how she felt about the episode, how it was wrong, and why it was wrong. In her eyes it was a racist remark that should not be overlooked. She felt as though Latinas were being mocked. After stating the problem she mentions the great things that Latinas have accomplished in America like the ALMA awards in paragraph 4. Afterwards, she mentions a more popular advertisement with the Taco Bell Chihuahua in reference to an argument made how it was demeaning to use a dog in place of Mexican people. By doing this she shows that people have been making fun of Hispanics for a while. When she included another minority group in her writing, she chose African-Americans. While comparing how Americans won't allow any tolerance for racism towards African-Americans but will for Hispanics, she gives more support to her argument. Perez-Zeeb also acknowledges that fact that blacks were treated terribly by Americans. However, she doesn't believe that gives Americans the right to make fun of certain groups more than others, specifically Hispanics. She was really mad about the fact that TV constantly shows episodes with female immigrants marrying a U.S citizen for a

Impacts Of Food Miles On Climate Change

Impacts Of Food Miles On Climate Change Todays food is well travelled. A pack of green beans in an European supermarket may have journeyed 6000 miles, or 60. While food miles loom large in our carbon-aware times, transporting it counts for less than you might think. This paper investigates the effectiveness of initiatives to reduce the number of food miles by their impact on climate change. The paper comes to the conclusion that food miles, the distance that food has travelled from farm to fork, indeed reduces the amount of greenhouse gas released. However, this does not imply that less food miles are a more sustainable way of producing. Moreover, the concept might be a justification for protectionist purposes and has significant negative side effects. Introduction Climate change is one of the greatest environmental threats of our time. The cause of climate change is mainly the emission of greenhouse gas as a result of human activity, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. A significant reduction of greenhouse gas emission is needed in order to the mitigate the effects on the climate. To accomplish this, two international treaties have been adopted: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992 and the Kyoto Protocol in 1997. The countries that ratified the Kyoto protocol committed to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gas by a given percent compared to their emission level in 1990 (Pinkse and Kolk, 2009). To achieve this, the EU has set the following targets: reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20%, improve energy efficiency by 20%, raise the share of renewable energies to 20% and raise the share of bio-fuels in road transport to 10%. These targets should all be achieved by the year 2020 (Confederation of Food and Drink Industries, 2008). Many industries have taken activities to cut energy use and emissions, in particular carbon dioxide (CO2), due to stricter legislative requirements and rising energy prices. Also the food industry is actively taking part in reducing energy and emissions, especially carbon dioxide. Example of such activities are the investment in energy efficient technologies, by voluntarily cutting energy use and even by participating in national energy efficiency schemes (Confederation of Food and Drink Industries, 2008). In household consumption, food has one of the highest impact on the environment. According to a study on the environmental impact of products, food and drinks cause 20 to 30% of the environmental impacts of private consumption (Tukker et al., 2006). In this study the food production and distribution chain has been fully analyzed and identifies products that are most greenhouse gas intensive. According to this study, meat, dairy, fats and oils are the most greenhouse gas intensive products. The estimated meats global warming potential ranges from about 4 to 12% of all products studied across the EU. Milk and dairy products are responsible for 2 to 4%, f ruits and vegetables for approximately 2%. The food chain consists of many different stages with many different players, like farmers, suppliers, transport companies, producers, retailers, consumers and waste management companies. At all stages of foods product life cycle there are activities that may have an impact on climate change. These include farming, manufacturing, processing, packaging, storage, transportation, consumption and disposal (Carlsson-Kanyama et al., 1997). It is estimated that the food industry accounts for about 1.5% of total greenhouse gas emissions in the EU. Within the whole food chain, agriculture accounts for 49% of greenhouse gas emissions, followed by the consumption (18%) and manufacturing (11%) (Confederation of Food and Drink Industry, 2008). Transportation is also an important contributor to greenhouse gas emission, because of the consumption of fuel and energy. Transport is estimated to account for 21 % of the greenhouse gas emissions in the EU, but it is unclear how much of these emissions sh ould be allocated specifically to food transportation (Confederation of Food and Drink Industry, 2008). Other impact on climate change in food production also depends on other factors, like the agricultural soil, the countrys climate, the intensity of use of fertilizers and chemicals, and the amount of energy and fuels used at different stages of the distribution chain. It is essential to take all these factors into account when estimating the impact of food products on climate change. However, this is not always possible or feasible, because of the complexity of the supply chain and the lack of available data. Food Miles Food miles, which accounts for the distance products have been travelling to reach the end consumer, has increased awareness recently. Nowadays many food products travel long distances before their final consumption. In the USA, for example, the food for one typical meal has travelled more than 2000 kilometers. And, if that meal contains any off-season fruit or vegetable the total distance is much more (Oxfam, 2009). It is commonly for food to be transported great distances to be packaged and processed, and then sent back in order to be sold near the place where it was produced. An example of this kind of practice is the shrimp industry in the Netherlands. There are several factors that have led to the increase in the distances food travels. These include: trade liberalization, sourcing from around the world, geographical centralization to achieve economies of scale, increased market share of retailers located out of the town of consumers, and finally, lower transportation costs of air freight, which relatively cheap compared to some other supply chain costs (Smith et al, 2005). As a result of the miles that food makes, emissions like CO2 are increasingly released, which contribute to climate change. The term food miles was introduced by the British non-governmental organization Sustainable Agriculture, Food and the Environment (SAFE) in 1994. They were the first to address the danger of long distances in food transportation. The concept implies that the lower the food miles, the less impact a product has on climate change. Therefore, consumers should be encouraged to buy locally produced food. Some retailers in Europe and North Americ a started promoting food miles initiative in order to address the problem of the long distances that food travels. These initiatives are often focused on promoting localism or regionalism in food sourcing. A few examples of these kind of initiatives will be discussed later. Food Miles Calculation Complexity In order to calculate the distance that food has travelled, the commonly used formula is the Weighted Average Source Distance. This formula combines information of the distances from production to point of sale (kilometers) and the amount of food product transported (Carlsson-Kanyama, 1997). The formula for the Weighted Average Source Distance is: ÃŽÂ £ (m(k) x d(k)) / ÃŽÂ £ m(k). Where k stand for the different location points of the production, m stand for the weight from each point of production, and d stand for distance from each point of production or sale. Although this formula looks quite simple, the application is rather difficult, because many food consist of multiple ingredients. Due to a lack of precise data about the exact distance of all ingredients, the calculation is often based on approximations. The formula does also not take into account how the food is transported (by marine, road, rail or air). This transport mode is important, because different transport mo des have different emissions per product unit. Drivers for Food Miles Initiatives There are five main drivers for initiatives to reduce food miles: NGO pressure, government support, consumer demand, food miles as a marketing concept and the potential reduction of costs. In the early 1990s British NGOs addressed the social and the environmental impacts caused by food miles. The main argument to support the food miles concept was the concern for climate change. It was implied that the longer the distance food travels, the more energy is consumed, the more fossil fuels are burned, and consequently the more greenhouse gases are released. Therefore the solution proposed was to source food from as close as possible to where it will be finally consumed (Saunders et al., 2006). Other arguments used included the concern that food that could be produced in the home country was imported instead, which causes a loss of income to local production, and also the concern that workers overseas might not be treated fairly (Oxfam, 2009). Some NGOs were specifically against air freig hting of food because this kind of transport is very energy intensive and causes the most negative externalities to the environment. They also addressed multilateral international trade, this is when a product was imported in the UK while the national production of that same product was exported from the country. As the solution to these problems, the British NGOs promoted to consume food that was locally produced (Saunders et al, 2006). Many EU countries support the concept of local food production and local food consumption. For example, the Italian government forces local authorities to include organic and local food in the school catering. The EU itself, although not directly supporting the concept of food miles, provides funding to support local food initiatives to develop farmers markets and local food brands (Euractiv, 2011). Food miles is seen as a possibility to improve environmental sustainability, because the distance and transport mode are important elements within the food chain as well as being associated with pollution from vehicle emissions (Saunders et al, 2006). Also the consumer awareness has raised the concern about the impact that food transportation has both environmentally and socially. This awareness has increased due to a few major food issues of the last decade (e.g. mad cow disease, foot and mouth disease, Q-fever, swine flu and the discussion about producing genetically modified food). These events have raised consumer interest about the origin and traceability of their food. Nowadays, many consumers and restaurant owners have a strong preference for local food product. An important reason why they choose local foods is because consumers have more trust in locally produced food since they know where it comes from. The concept of food miles has become familiar topic to the public, which lead to the consumers believe that food travelling a shorter distance is better for the environment. Consumers also argue that local food is more fresh and even tastes better than when it travelled long distances (Pirog and Benjamin, 2003). As already mentioned, consumers are interested in having the opportunity to purchase products that was produced and processed within their own region. These customers might be specifically interested in buying low food miles products due to their perceived freshness and quality (Pirog and Benjamin, 2003). Food retailers and food producers anticipate on this demand and use the food miles concept as a marketing tool. These marketing messages support the consumers perception that locally produced food is better. Therefore the food miles concept helps to differentiate products from the competition. Because climate change aspects are increasingly being included in business strategies, the concept of food miles is sometimes used by producers in marketing strategies to differentiate products from the international competition. An example of this is Friesland Campina, who only source from Dutch dairy farmers, and this actively promotes in advertisement. Campina customers also have the opport unity to trace their milk via an unique code on the milk cartons. The last driver is the potential cost reduction of transportation. The costs for food transportation is relatively cheap compared to other supply chain costs. The cost of shipping containers around the world is relatively low and fuel for aviation is not taxed. Also, for a long time air freight and shipment were included in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, but this has been included in the ETS from 2011 onwards (Euractiv, 2007). Airlines will therefore have to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions or buy some sort of pollution credits on the carbon market. However, the EU recently initiated the first key measure to reduce the impact of air travel on global warming. The European Commission set an emissions cap for the aviation sector. Emissions trading for the aviation sector will start in January 2012 with a yearly allowance of 213 million tons of CO2 (Euractiv, 2011). This will increase the costs of transportation, including of food products. Therefore, it is interesting to integrat e the food miles concept in the procurement policy of a policy, because it might bring potential cost savings on airline freighting. Examples of Food Miles Initiatives As it was mentioned earlier, food quality, support of local community, food freshness and concern about the impact of transport on climate change have increased consumers interest in the origin and traceability of food, including a strong preference for locally produced food. Therefore, driven by consumer demand and with the objective to reduce food mileages of the products they distribute, big retailers made local sourcing initiatives a core aspect of their sustainable policies. The food miles concept can be used in two ways to reduce the environmental impact of food transport, the so called fewer miles and friendlier miles notions. Fewer miles means that companies and retailers are trying to reduce the overall distance that food travels. Such initiatives include local sourcing and greater capacity vehicles that carry more products in one trip. Friendlier miles are achieved when the environmental impact of the distance travelled is reduced by using less damaging forms of transport (such as rail or water compared to road or air) or by technological improvements in vehicle and fuel technologies to reduce the impact of any given mile (DEFRA Annual Report, 2007). The air-freighted labels, for consumers to identify products having been transported by plane, can be an example of friendlier miles initiatives as its final goal is to promote more sustainable transport modes. Ahold Ahold takes initiatives for fewer food miles. The supermarkets in the Ahold group are encouraged to source in a sustainable way and reduce their environmental footprint by buying local. In the United States, a product is considered local if it is sourced from the state or municipality in which the supermarkets operates. Many of the US stores operate in rich agricultural areas, so they are able to source many products locally. However, there are government regulations that restrict the use of the term local (especially when applied to dairy products), and this varies by state, region or municipality. In the United States, a local product program is executed during the local growing seasons. During 2010, Giant Food Stores and Martins Food Markets encouraged customers to follow the so called Local Route in stores that pointed the way to fresh products grown locally by farmers within their own communities. A second initiative is at Rimi Supermarket in Estonia. This initiative raises cons umer awareness about Estonian products by adding an Estonian flag label to products of Estonian origin. At some stores in Lithuania, local farm shops known as vikis have opened within the stores. Local farm produce in Rimi hypermarkets, where customers can buy high-quality products grown or produced by small- and medium-scale Lithuanian farmers. The shop-within-a-shop concept supports the idea of local sourcing and production, meeting the demands of customers and suppliers (Ahold, Corporate Responsibility Report 2010). Hellmanns Hellmanns has been taking another initiative to support fewer food miles. In 2009, the Unilever mayonnaise brand Hellmanns, campaigned for the consumption of local food in Canada. As part of its Eat real. Eat local campaign it was running a commercials that makes the Canadians wonder how far their food travels to get to their dinner tables. The campaign highlights the increasing tendency of food importation, and how this phenomenon influences the Canadian economy, the environment and communities. Food like cucumbers, tomatoes and peppers, which Canadians can grow in their own backyards, actually travel many miles and are hardly fresh by the time they are eaten. The message is mainly meant for Canadians, but could certainly be applied elsewhere. Although the climate change is mentioned the commercial, the main emphasis is on the threats to the domestic economy and not so much on the environmental consequences of food miles (Unilevers Sustainable Development Overview 2009). Heineken Heineken Netherlands recently took an initiative for friendlier miles. The beer and soda manufacturer, bottles more than 70% of its export beer in the brewery of Zoeterwoude. This means that large volumes of beer have to be transported via the highly populated roads of South Holland. In order to relieve the traffic around the brewery and to reduce the companys carbon footprint, it decided to build the a large container terminal along the channel. Since October 2010, Heineken transports all its export products by boat to the ports of Rotterdam and Antwerp. By this initiative, Heineken transports three-quarters of its the total transport over water instead, which is taken off the road. The initiative is expected to reduce the number of trucks on the road with 100.000 per years, who account for 6 million kilometers. Heineken reduces its emission of carbon dioxide with 35% (Heineken Sustainability Report, 2010). Marks and Spencer To address the problem of climate change caused by air traffic and to meet the customers interest in knowing how food is transported, the UK retailer Marks Spencer, started an initiative under the concept of friendlier food miles. Since 2007, they label the food that has been imported by air. Marks Spencer prints a small airplane symbol and the words air freighted (see Figure 1) on over 150 different food products, including beans and strawberries. Marks and Spencer has created this label for all of their air-freighted food to enable customers to identify products which have been transported by air and to help the company to ensure that this form of transport is used only where local alternatives are not available (Marks and Spencer, How We Do Business Report, 2010). Figure 1. Air freighted label. Strengths and limitations In this section, the main strengths and limitations of the food miles initiatives will be presented. It can be said that one of the main advantages of initiatives promoting local food, is that they can lead to a reduction of the amount of greenhouse gas emissions because food does not travel as far as if imported from other countries. Buying local food also has the advantage of promoting local farming, which, in turn, supports the local economy and the creation of new employment opportunities. It is also believed that local food is fresher and tastes better than food shipped long distances. However, it is questionable to what extent food miles really guarantees that a product sourced locally generates lower greenhouse gas emissions, and therefore whether implementing the food miles concept actually results in a lower climate change impact. An important limitation for the food miles concept is that it might is used as a justification for protectionism of the local economy. Therefore, the food miles concept has been criticized (Wilson, 2007). Since the main principle of food miles is to promote fewer miles and the consumption of local products, this might create unofficial import barriers for some countries to export their products because they travel long distances. Another limitation that can be used against the food miles concept is the fact that a single indicator based on the total distance food is transported, cannot be an adequate indicator of sustainability (Smith et al, 2005). A study carried out Smith et al for DEFRA came to the conclusion that a range of factors have an effect on the overall impacts of food transport, not only the miles travelled. The concept of food miles is therefore inadequate, since it excludes the climate impact of other aspects than transportation (DEFRA, 2005). Food transportation represents just one of many components of the total environmental impact of food production and consumption. When assessing the environmental impact of food, it is essential to take into account all those different factors, including how food was produced, packed, stored, as well, how and how far it was transported. As an example, Smith et al. found out that importing tomatoes from Spain during the winter generates less CO2 emissions than growing tomatoes in greenhouses in the UK (Figure 2). Local produced tomatoes in the UK (high emissions, low miles): Imported tomatoes from Spain (lower emissions, more miles): Figure 2. Represenation of CO2 emission, UK vs. Spain (Smith et al, 2005). Another example is from the horticulture industry, which coulis similar to many food products. Williams (2007) carried out a comparative study of the carbon impact of growing 12,000 quality cut stem roses in Kenya and air-freighting them, with growing them in the Netherlands and driving them to the UK. The results of the study are presented in the table below. It shows that the production and following export and delivery of Kenyan roses generates less greenhouse gas than the production and delivery of Dutch roses. This is mainly due to the fact that Kenyan production uses substantially less primary and fossil energy than the Dutch production (Williams, 2007). The results are presented in table 1 below. Kenyan Dutch Climate impact 2400 kgCO2e (without altitude impact) and 6200 kgCO2e (with altitude impact). 37 000 kgCO2e. Most carbon intensive stages Air freight (73-89% of climate impact). Heating and lighting of greenhouses (99% of climate impact). Other key differences Geothermal source for energy use and almost double the yield per unit area. Fossil intensive heating and lighting, and just over half the Kenyan yield rate. Table 1: Comparison of impacts for the production of 12,000 roses from Kenyan and The Netherlands (Williams, 2007) Pirog and Benjamin (2003) also showed that food miles might only represent a small percentage of the total energy inputs in a products life cycle. According to their study, transportation accounts for 11% of the energy use within the total food system, this is considerably less than agricultural production (17.5%) and processing (28.1%) (see Figure 3). To quantify the climate impact of a product, it is essential to consider all greenhouse gas emissions through the whole life cycle of the product and not only the ones related to transportation, or just looking at the distance in miles or kilometers. Figure 3. Energy use in the US food system (Pirog and Benjamin, 2003) Another problem with the food miles concept is that it does not take into account the mode of transport (Saunders et al, 2006). Air freight has by far the highest global warming potential of all transport modes. It is also important to note that there is also a significant difference between road and rail an boat transportation, the latter appears to be more climate-friendly transport modes than road. Transport efficiency also makes a difference. According to Smith et al (2005), there is also a concern that moving to lower food miles (e.g. local sourcing) can have a negative impact on overall transport and energy efficiency. They explain it by the fact that if there is a growth in business for smaller producers and retailers, there could be an increase in energy consumption as smaller vehicles are used and economies of scale in production are lost (Smith et al., 2005). There is also a concern that a reduction of food miles, in particular prohibiting air freighted products, could have an adverse impact on imports from developing countries. This concern is motivated by the fact that farmers in developing country are heavily dependent on exports to developed country markets (Oxfam, 2009). Therefore, restricting air freighted products on a large scale have high impact on farmers of Africa. In this way climate change is going to affect the poor in Africa harder than anyone else, which are the people who have done least to cause the problem. Some business therefore disapprove the use of an airplane symbol such as Marks and Spencers logo. Oxfam for example, supports the initiative for fair miles, one that also takes the fairness of trade with developing countries into consideration. Finally, there is discussion whether policies based on food miles could lead to an increase of food prices. On the one hand, reducing food miles might lead to reduced transportation costs, which, could reduce food prices. On the other hand, locally sourced food can be more expensive than globally sourced food, because economies of scale are lost or due to differences in labor costs (Smith et al, 2005). Conclusion It has been shown that food miles, although initially believed to be a potential good indicator of climate sustainability, has just limited benefits in terms of mitigating climate change. Food transportation represent one of many components of the total environmental impact of food production and consumption. When assessing the environmental impact of food, it is essential to take into account all those different factors, including how food was produced, packed, stored, as well as but not only, how and how far it was transported. The concept can be used for protectionist purposes, but has significant negative side effects. First of all, it is unclear what the impact is for product-related costs and food prices. The implementation of food miles can force companies to put particular attention to the efficiency of the food distribution system beyond their own operations. This leads in particular to a reduction of companies transport-related greenhouse gas emissions. From a cost perspect ive, the implementation of the food miles concept can potentially both reduce and increase companies costs, leading to an increase or decrease of food prices. On the one hand, reducing food miles might lead to reduced transportation costs. On another hand, locally sourced food can be more expensive than globally sourced food, because economies of scale are lost or due to higher labor costs. Secondly, a reduction of food miles, in particular prohibiting air freighted products, could have an adverse impact on imports from developing countries. To conclude, if food producers and retailers want to operate more sustainable ways and mitigate their impact on climate change, they should not only focus on food miles. While increased food transport obviously has an environmental impact, the kilometers that food travels do not per se serve as a valid indicator. The evidence is relatively weak in terms of local sourcing leading to lower impact as a general rule. In addition to environmental considerations, transport has to be seen in a wider context, taking account of the social and economic dimensions of sustainability, both in the EU and globally. Trade and transport is an inherent component of EU policy and it is essential to provide appropriate food supplies throughout the EU market and sufficient consumer choice. Moreover, sourcing products from non-EU countries, in particular developing countries, contributes to the development and wealth of those economies. A transport concept focusing on transport distances alone would there fore seriously undermine a number of key EU policy objectives in terms of social and economic sustainability.

cold war Essay -- essays research papers

The cold War The Cold War was a response to the perceived threat by the United States that Communism would interfere with national security and economic stakes in the world. It was a perceived threat by communist countries that the United States would take to the world. During the Cold War, the United States, Russia, and other countries made efforts to avoid another world war, while warring in proxy in other lands. The devastation caused by the hydrogen bombs exploded in Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the next technological advancements became only deterrents to the public. Governments had their own agenda which would result in worsening the strain between nations. The United States hid behind a curtain of nationalism resulting in increased hatred and mistrust between the people of the United States and Russia. Noam Chomsky reminds us that Communism is a broad term that includes those with the ability to get control of mass movements. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles once stated that, â€Å"The poor people are the ones they appeal to and they have always wanted to plunder the rich.† So, in one view, the U.S. felt they must be overcome, to protect our doctrine that the rich should ravage the poor. This became another motivation for the Cold War. In his historical account of the events leading to the Cold War, Jacob Heilbrunn reports that after World War II, â€Å"realists†¦ agreed that Soviet aggrandizement was responsible for the cold war.† (Heilbrunn) They felt the reason, rather than Communism, Heilbrunn notes, was that â€Å"Stalin was pursuing Russian national interests that dated back to the czars.† Others, however, accused the president and Congress â€Å"of following a consistent policy of economic imperialism, â€Å" tracing it back to the â€Å"Open Door Diplomacy of the nineteenth century, which outlined â€Å"an insatiable American appetite for new [economic] markets.† (Heilbrunn) Heilbrunn says that Gabriel Kolko also felt th at Roosevelt’s anti-Russia stance was formed to create dominance by the United States in world economic markets. (Heilbrunn) Heilbrunn says that Leffler’s A Preponderance of Power, has become the â€Å"sacred text of the neo-revisionists.† (Heilbrunn) Leffler claims that U.S. security policy was established between 1940 and 1946 based on geopolitics, not economics. Truman was far from fearing a Soviet military attack and was defending American economic stability... ...not easy accomplishments but were satisfied by the constant insistence of the threat of the great enemy. This phase has ended, but conflicts continue. The Soviet Union may have called off the war, but the U.S. is continuing as before, even more freely with Soviet obstruction a thing of the past. George Bush celebrated the symbolic end of the Cold War, the fall of the Berlin Wall, by immediately invading Panama and announcing that the U.S. would overturn Nicaragua’s election by maintaining its economic stranglehold and military attack unless â€Å"our side† won. With the threat of the Soviet Union no longer existing the U.S. is now free to use unlimited force against almost anyone it may choose. The end of the Cold War has caused its problems too as new enemies have needed to be invented. This problem has been solved quite easily if you were to look at the United States’ current international footing. A new and possibly better convincing enemy has been found i n the likes of Saddam Hussein and Osama bin Laden. The U.S. government has continued a policy of convincing the American public of the great evil existing elsewhere to achieve their economic, technological and defensive objectives.

Groupon Case Study Essay

Groupon has grow from 400 subscribers to 60 million subscribers world wide within five years, it’s fastest growing company in history. Groupon stands for group coupon that requires certain amount of subscribers to sign up for the deal. Moreover, there is a daily deal for local or national business, people can easy to use and redeem, so it raises the possibility for people to sign up. Furthermore, the most significant thing that Groupon is running based on the Internet, so it’s easy for people to discover and shop. Wherever the people are, they can just use their smartphone to check if there has any deal near them. 2. The Groupon Promise is an important rule for customer. Customer can return any Groupon they purchased if they don’t feel satisfied with the products, even if they used, there is no question ask. Therefore, people don’t need to worry about whether they will waste their money if they buy the products they don’t like. There is no risk taken for any customer. 4. There are possible psychological and sociological influences the Groupon consumer purchase decision process. Due to the recession, people have tried to save money, so people who are interested in other coupon websites, they may be also interested in Groupon. Moreover, after customers have used Groupon for several times, Groupon have begun personalizing deal for their customers. This process offers deals for customers that they are more likely to be interested in and purchase. Furthermore, every deal on Gropon websites will show customers how many other customer have purchased, so people won’t think they are the fist person to try the product, and take the risk. When customers see there are a lot of people buying this product, they may think it may be a good product, and I should get one. It enhances the customers to purchase, and quantity that company sells. 5. There are three challenges for Groupon in the future. First, there are customers who are dissatisfied with Groupon, or buy the Groupon and never use it. They are looking for regular customers. In order to solve this issue, I think Groupon need to evaluate the reason why people are not satisfied with their products. They need to control the quality they sell because it can affect or even ruin their reputation. Second, Groupon has difficulty on growth in the USA. There are more deals in US, but they don’t have many customers in here. I think Groupon need to discover what people really need to raise the sale in US. Even though they have more customers abroad than here, US citizens still have a stronger buying power than other countries. Finally, Groupon are competing with other coupon websites. I think Groupon need to keep their current customers by personalize their deals, and sending any promotion if customers have spent certain amount of money. Also, they need to attract more new customers such as giving a coupon, so people can use a free coupon to buy a coupon or products. No mater those customers will be regular customers or not, when they start to use a free coupon, they start the business with Groupon, and they are potentially be the regular customers in the future.

The Synthesis And Characterization Of Biodiesel Fuels

Introduction North America consumes one third of the world’s energy supply which mainly comes from fossil fuels. Over time, people’s dependency on fossil fuels has become a problem. Fossil fuels are essentially limited in supply so people can’t depend on them for all of their energy needs. They also have a negative environmental effect on our world: global warming, acid rain, air pollution, etc. (U.S. Fossil Fuel Dependency). One way to solve this problem is by encouraging the use of biodiesel fuels. Biodiesel fuel synthesis has been known of for a while but is just now gaining more attention. The production and use of biodiesel fuels has the potential to reduce the negative environmental impact that fossil fuels have and reduce the dependency of foreign fuels (Biofuels Basics). This experiment focused on the synthesis and characterization of biodiesel fuels. Experiment The first part of the experiment was to prepare the biodiesel fuel. Each group was given a different oil to synthesize. Students measured their oil into a beaker and placed it on a hot plate with a stir bar. When the oil reached 50â„Æ', a mixture of 0.5mL of 9MNaOH and 10 mL of methanol were added to it. After 20 more minutes of stirring the oil, students fill centrifuge tubes with the biodiesel mixture and place them in the centrifuge. Students then transfer the top biodiesel layer into a small beaker using a Pasteur pipet. After creating the biodiesel, students now had to test the viscosity, effects ofShow MoreRelatedAn Experiment on the Synthesis and Characterization of Biodiesel Fuel820 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction In this experiment, the focus will be the synthesis and characterization of biodiesel fuel. Biodiesel seems to have become the substitute for fossil fuel. It can also be an alternative for the petroleum-based biodiesel. By having renewable resources such as corn, soybeans, peanuts and other makes biodiesel a viable option. Using these resources wouldn’t help alleviate the problems with fossil fuel in the US. Biodiesel is produced from the transesterification reaction of vegetableRead MoreThe Internal Combustion Engine5941 Words   |  24 Pagescenturies ago, humans have become increasingly reliant on fuel to power these engines. Our only method, historically, for obtaining this fuel is to probe the earth and oceans until crude oil is struck. Crude oil is termed a fossil fuel as it takes hundreds of millions of years to form. Crude oil is extracted from a geological reservoir and subsequently refined into the various fuels which we use at ever increasing rates (petroleum, d iesel, aviation fuel etc). Unfortunately we are not finding new oil depositsRead MoreDried Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera) Leaves in Ethanol Production6983 Words   |  28 PagesHazel Jane Muriel C. March 2012 CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND We all know that ethanol or ethyl alcohol has a very good contribution to our life. Ethyl alcohol is an important industrial chemical. It is used as a solvent, in the synthesis of other organic chemicals, and as an additive to automotive gasoline (forming a mixture known as a gasohol). Ethyl alcohol is also the intoxicating ingredient of many alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine, and distilled spirits (Britannica Encyclopedia)